An Intelligent IoT-Based Predictive Control System for Water Quality and Energy Management in Koi Aquaculture.

Sensors (Basel) · 2026 · PMC13210448 · PMID 42198045

Europe PMC DOI

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highly significantp < 0.001actually significant

Statistical analysis confirmed that the reduction was highly significant ( p < 0.001), with average daily energy consumption decreasing from 212 ± 6.06 Wh/day under manual operation to 154.71 ± 4.52 Wh/day under smart predictive control.

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