A Statistically Grounded and Physics-Aware Vision Framework for Detecting Barely Visible Impact Damage (BVID) in Heterogeneous Polymer-Matrix Composites.

Across the five primary detection metrics, the Friedman test revealed statistically significant overall differences for mAP@0.5, mAP@0.5:0.95, Precision, and F1-score, whereas Recall remained non-significant or only borderline significant. This pattern is fully consistent with the performance structure observed in Table 12 .

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