A High-Precision Method for Extracting Lateral Deformation in Operational Shield Tunnels Based on LiDAR Point Cloud Analysis.

Sensors (Basel) · 2026 · PMC13211229 · PMID 42197917

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

The incremental gains follow a decreasing trend (+0.87%, +0.77%, +0.81%), consistent with the progressive refinement of the model as each module addresses a specific limitation of the previous configuration.

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