Extremism does not stop at borders, and neither should our models.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · 2026 · PMC13214011 · PMID 42150074

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closest p · 1.4× alpha

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marginal significanceP = 0.069so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Its negative direct effect on offensive VEI (we use β for SDM coefficients throughout) survives spatial adjustment in every bivariate specification ( Table 1 ) and is the only predictor that retains significance in Model 6 (β = −0.416, P = 0.046), though the total effect drops to marginal significance ( P = 0.069; Table 2 ).

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