marginally significantp = 0.038
Although formal testing confirmed that the overall COVID-19 shock was statistically comparable across hospital types (paired t-test p = 0.917 for DDDs, p = 0.798 for expenditure; Supplementary Appendix Table S7 ), the stratified analysis revealed a marginally significant difference for intervention drugs specifically (general: -12.9% vs. specialized: -25.0%; paired t-test p = 0.038; Wilcoxon p = 0.063), warranting cautious interpretation of Round 2 findings in specialized hospitals.