Variations in Macular Pigment Optical Density in Children and Adolescents Depending on Time Spent on Smartphones.

Vision (Basel) · 2026 · PMC13214934 · PMID 42201158

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an overall trendno p-value reported

In the urban area, OS had a pigment level of 0.487 ± 0.179, OD had a pigment level of 0.476 ± 0.175, whereas in the rural area, OS had a pigment level of 0.576 ± 0.186 and OD had a pigment level of 0.572 ± 0.184, highlighting an overall trend for a higher pigment level in the rural area.

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