highly significantp < 0.0001
In a second, larger randomized controlled trial at two sites, 39 participants received either active LVFS-guided UtPBM or sham; the active group showed a highly significant treatment × time benefit ( p < 0.0001) with an effect size of 1.5 at last follow-up on the opioid craving scale ( Schiffer et al., 2021 ).