3.2 Associations and effect sizes between depressive symptoms and demographic characteristics Chi-square tests indicated significant associations for region (p < 0.001), age group (p < 0.001), and parental living arrangment (p = 0.023), while gender showed a borderline significant link (p = 0.056).
A marginally significant difference was also observed between adolescents living with other guardians and those living with both parents (p = 0.059).
This highly significant finding suggests that the differences in depression scores across Dodoma and Pwani are not due to random chance but indicate meaningful disparities in depression experienced by adolescents in these two regions of Tanzania ( Table 3 ).