Friendship fosters well-being, exclusion may hurt girls' mathematics: a two-wave cross-lagged panel model of peer relations, affect, and achievement.

Eur J Psychol Educ · 2026 · PMC13222188 · PMID 42226956

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marginally significant tendencyno p-value reported

Although negative affect showed a small, marginally significant tendency to lower later mathematics scores (95% CI [−1.39,.03], providing tentative support for H3c .

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a marginal trendno p-value reported

Students of non-Czech origin tended to score lower in Czech language and showed a marginal trend toward lower mathematics performance, reflecting possible linguistic or integration-related disadvantages.

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