Barely Significant
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Comparative Analysis of the Behavior of Llamas Housed in a Research Facility in Response to Different Environmental Enrichment Stimuli.

Anim Sci J · 2026 · PMC13251347 · PMID 42267777

Europe PMCDOI
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0.0010
closest p · 0.0× alpha
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boldest claim

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highly significantp < 0.001actually significant
The ANOVA revealed highly significant individual differences ( p < 0.001) among the items explored by each animal, with partial eta squared ( η 2 p ) values ranging from 0.360 to 0.442, indicating large effect sizes ( η 2 p > 0.14).

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