Excess folic acid disrupts placental endocrine function <i>in vitro</i>: a potential mechanism linking elevated folic acid exposure with gestational diabetes mellitus.

Given the critical role that these hormones play in modulating maternal insulin resistance during pregnancy ( Figure 7 ), and in the context of widespread FA food fortification and high compliance to prenatal supplementation (often with doses exceeding the recommended 400 μg/day), these findings are highly significant.

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