Metformin in prostate cancer: a context-dependent antitumour strategy driven by metabolic vulnerability and signalling network.

However, in the subgroup analysis of genital system cancers, there was a trend toward marginally significant improvement in PFS.

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Notably, a large-scale historical cohort study of Israeli diabetic patients ( n = 145,617) revealed through analysis with advanced statistical models that the association between metformin exposure levels and prostate cancer risk is not fixed but may exhibit dynamic characteristics: short-term exposure (in the first year) even showed an increasing trend in risk, whereas long-term exposure (2–7 years) exhibited a potential protective effect, with an overall inconsistent association [ 26 ].

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