marginally non-significantp = 0.06
Subgroup analyses showed: Chinese populations had a significant positive association (OR = 2.58, 95% CI: 2.19–3.03, I 2 = 61%, p < 0.001), while the association in American populations was marginally non-significant (OR = 2.80, 95% CI: 0.94–8.31, I 2 = 71%, p = 0.06); Prospective cohorts (OR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.27–3.59, I 2 = 83%, p = 0.004) and retrospective cohorts (OR = 2.75, 95% CI: 2.31–3.28, I 2 = 23%, p < 0.001) both showed significant positive associations, with no significant between-subgroup differences ( p = 0.66); Large-sample studies (≥5,000 participants) had a stable, significant association (OR = 2.63, 95% CI: 2.41–2.88, I 2 = 12%, p < 0.001), while small-sample studies (<5,000 participants) also showed a significant association (OR = 2.78, 95% CI: 1.41–5.47, I 2 = 78%, p = 0.003).