highly significantp < 0.0001
Statistical significance of the scavenging and inhibitory activities was assessed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) across all concentrations and treatment groups followed by Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference (HSD) post-hoc test for multiple comparisons using GraphPad Prism V.11.0.0.The ANOVA results revealed highly significant differences among all treatment groups ( p < 0.0001), with F-values substantially exceeding the corresponding critical F-value, indicating strong evidence against the null hypothesis Table (S 1,2).