Crude Astragalus polysaccharides ameliorate cognitive impairment by preserving blood-brain barrier integrity and suppressing GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in jellyfish-envenomed mice.

Quantitative analysis demonstrated a highly significant increase in EB extravasation in Venom group compared to Control, Eda, APS-L, and APS-H groups (all p < 0.001; Figure 2D ), corroborating the severe and widespread BBB dysfunction suggested by histology (edema and hemorrhage) and brain water content measurements.

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