Sex Hormone Imbalance in Keratoconus: Estrogen-Mediated Collagen Remodeling and Biomechanical Weakening.

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci · 2026 · PMC13284921 · PMID 42267781

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

In the higher estradiol treatment (H-E) group, both MMP2 and MMP3 mRNA expression were upregulated, whereas TIMP2 expression exhibited a decreasing trend, resulting in an increased MMP2 / TIMP2 ratio ( Figs. 3 B–D).

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