Optimized bio-fertilization drives the synergistic recovery of vegetation productivity and soil multifunctionality by reshaping fungal interaction patterns in degraded alpine mines.

Alpha-diversity analysis revealed an overall trend that the co-application of microbial inoculants and fertilizers consistently increased the internal complexity and taxonomic richness of the soil fungal community compared to the degraded baseline, although the magnitude of improvement varied among specific combinatorial ratios (Fig. 4 ).

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