Bacterial supplementation shapes honey bee gut microbiota and host metabolism under controlled and field conditions.

Although β-alanine narrowly missed statistical significance after multiple testing correction ( q = 0.056; Table S8 ), the trend was reproducible across all experiments ( Fig.

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Succinate increased by 8.1-fold in B vs C ( q = 0.004) and 4.1-fold in BN vs CN (marginally significant; q = 0.073), while one of the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), acetate, increased 5.2-fold (B), 3.2-fold (BN), and 1.1-fold (BF) over respective controls ( q = 0.014, q = 0.002, and ns; Tables S8 and S9 ).

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