Acute Caffeine Ingestion, Calendar-Based Menstrual-Cycle Window, Time of Day, and Match-Induced Fatigue Independently and Interactively Influence Psychophysiological, Cognitive, and Physical Performance in Elite Female Volleyball Players: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Design Study

Life (Basel) · 2026 · PMC13302564

Europe PMC

hedged sentence

0.0550

closest p · 1.1× alpha

0.0550

boldest claim

The sentences

approached but did not reach significancep = 0.055so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

For Plate 2 (word reading), significant testing window (F(2,24) = 19.79, p < 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.623) and time of day effects (F(1,12) = 54.88, p < 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.821) were observed; caffeine approached but did not reach significance (F(1,12) = 4.52, p = 0.055, ηp 2 = 0.274).

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