highly significantp < 0.001
At 3 d, concentration effects were highly significant for primary root length (F = 13,293.67, p < 0.001), total root length (F = 3226.84, p < 0.001), root vigor (F = 2163.60, p < 0.001), MDA (F = 672.86, p < 0.001), and ethylene (F = 691.43, p < 0.001).