Oral fungal microbiome in gout: composition, cross-kingdom interactions, and effects of intervention.

Microbial diversity and composition α -diversity, assessed by Chao1 and Shannon indices, showed no statistically significant differences among CGA, AGA, and HC groups, although a decreasing trend was observed in CGA ( Figure 1B ). β -diversity analysis using unweighted UniFrac distances revealed significant differences in overall community structure among groups ( P < 0.001), with pairwise comparisons showing separation between HC and both patient groups, while CGA and AGA were similar ( Figure 1C ).

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