Measurement and improvement strategies of "quantity-quality-flow" comprehensive carrying capacity in the metropolitan fringe: a case of Shunyi District in Beijing, China.

Sci Rep · 2026 · PMC13315204 · PMID 42056389

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The overall ecological carrying capacity is showing a downward trend, mainly due to the decreasing trend of per capita cultivated land area (c 14 ) and per capita water consumption (c 15 ) year by year, the overall increase in forest greening rate (c 13 ) but not yet significant, and the urgent need to reduce unit GDP energy consumption (c 16 ).

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