highly significantp < 0.001
For Hebrew, the association remained highly significant, χ 2 (3, N = 232) = 36.69, p < 0.001 with a medium effect size (Cramér’s V = 0.40).
For Hebrew, the association remained highly significant, χ 2 (3, N = 232) = 36.69, p < 0.001 with a medium effect size (Cramér’s V = 0.40).
For Russian, the human baseline was marginally significant ( B = −0.582, p = 0.042, OR = 0.56), indicating slightly lower odds of correct responses.