Within the appraisal theory of emotion (Smith & Kirby, 2011 ; Smith & Lazarus, 1990 ), hopelessness arises when individuals appraise a situation as both highly significant and severely misaligned with their goals, while simultaneously perceiving no viable means of change or adaptation.
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Motivated by worry, burdened by hopelessness: Emotional correlates of climate action and personal well-being.
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