Comparison of short-term outcomes among hand-sewn, stapled, and two-stage Turnbull-Cutait pull-through anastomoses in TaTME for low rectal cancer.

Complication outcomes are summarized in Table 5 . Low anterior resection syndrome No statistically significant differences were observed in the incidence of LARS among the three groups at any time point (1 month, p = 0.347; 6 months, p = 0.305; 12 months, p = 0.441), with all groups showing a decreasing trend over time.

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Although the incidence of anastomotic leakage did not differ significantly among groups ( p = 0.272), a numerical trend was noted: the rate was highest in SSA (5.8%, 4/69), lowest in TCA (0%, 0/36), and intermediate in CAA (2.4%, 1/42).

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