Large extrachromosomal replicons are widespread across bacterial lineages and show coordinated replication termination and spatial coupling with the chromosome.

Across all genomes, ERs were markedly closer in GC content to their host chromosomes than to unrelated chromosomes (median matched GC difference was 3.0%, compared to 10.9% for unmatched pairs), a difference that was highly significant ( p < 1 × 10−4) and associated with a large effect size (Cliff’s δ = −0.63).

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