Water-specific toxicity factor and index for heavy metal risk assessment: application to urban lakes in Chennai, India.

Environ Geochem Health · 2026 · PMC13346276 · PMID 42417891

Europe PMC DOI

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

Downstream, there was a decreasing trend in EC values, with Nanmangalam lake (1349 μS/cm) and the downstream lakes, Keelkatai (1000 μS/cm) and Narayanapuram lake (920 μS/cm) showing lower values.

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

There was an increasing trend in dissolved oxygen levels from upstream to downstream lakes.

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