highly significantp < 0.001
ERD demonstrated pervasive and highly significant positive associations with pain across multiple regions, with the largest effects observed in the neck (β = 0.0071, 95% CI: 0.0055–0.0087, p < 0.001), arm (β = 0.0069, 95% CI: 0.0054–0.0084, p < 0.001), back (β = 0.0063, 95% CI: 0.0049–0.0078, p < 0.001), and chest (β = 0.0057, 95% CI: 0.0038–0.0076, p < 0.001).