Pre-treatment pathogen testing rates before antimicrobial therapy in emergency departments: a four-year retrospective study from two hospital campuses.

The East City Campus also showed an increasing trend in surgery (9.19% → 15.26%, trend χ2 = 89.10, P < 0.001), whereas internal medicine decreased from 21.78% to 14.91% (trend χ2 = 83.97, P < 0.001), but Cramer’s V = 0.07, indicating that although the difference was significant, the effect size was small (See Table 9 ; Figure 3 ).

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