From enhancement to over-reliance: a mixed-method study of generative AI and sustainable learning performance.

First, the highly significant positive relationship between AI literacy and critical evaluation of AI (β = 0.893, f 2 = 3.916) builds upon the digital literacy literature by proving how AI literacy can impact evaluative actions performed toward specific outputs created by the use of the generative, probabilistic LLMs -a uniquely different challenge which cannot be fully covered by generic digital literacy approaches ( Oates and Johnson, 2025 ).

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