Reshaping the Battlefield: Reprogramming the Melanoma Tumour Microenvironment (TME) by Anti-CTLA-4, Anti-PD-1, and Anti-PD-L1 Monotherapy and Combination Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence.

Cells · 2026 · PMC13359709 · PMID 42439659

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

0.0010

closest p · 0.0× alpha

0.0010

boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantp < 0.001actually significant

Apoptosis (7 data points from 6 studies): Treatment induced a robust and highly significant increase in intratumoral apoptotic cell death ( pooled SMD = 3.537 , 95% CI 2.129 to 4.946, p < 0.001), representing a striking 34-fold geometric mean elevation.

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