Depression, anxiety, stress and adverse childhood experience among first-year university students.

Comparable local studies are lacking, but these rates exceed global reports, where DE ranged from 24.6% in Germany to 37.2% in Malaysia, AX from 33.6% to 63%, and ST from 19.0% to 38%.[ 31 ] However, recent global evidence suggests an increasing trend in AX and DE throughout students of the university, especially following the COVID-19 pandemic.[ 32 ] In addition, systematic reviews confirm the strong association between ACEs and adverse mental health results.[ 33 ] These results highlight the critical necessity for interventions targeting first-year students in Saudi Arabia.

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