Beyond Resnick and Niwayama: a structured narrative literature review on the clinical and imaging phenotypes of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH).

72 Several studies demonstrated a strong association between DISH and MS: Mader et al confirmed this based on WHO criteria, 73 Vezyroglou et al reported metabolic abnormalities in 70% of DISH patients versus 45% of controls (p<0.0001) 74 and the AGES-Reykjavik Study found a highly significant association (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.69 to 2.64, p=3.9×10−11), mainly driven by BMI and blood glucose criteria. 75 Association with excess body weight and body fat composition DISH is strongly linked to excess body weight, particularly central obesity measured by waist circumference. 6 9 54 56 60

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