Crocus sativus L.-derived lauric acid-functionalized gold nanoparticles induce ferroptosis in HeLa cells and reverse M2 macrophage polarization via the PGE2/EP2/cAMP-PKA signaling pathway: a network pharmacology-based study.

Front Pharmacol · 2026 · PMC13385061 · PMID 42482776

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not as significantno p-value reported

The downregulating effects of free LA on these cytokines were not as significant as those of Au@LA. 3.6 Au@LA inhibits the PGE2/EP2/camp-pka signaling pathway and regulates cytokine release To further validate the central role of the PGE2/EP2/cAMP-PKA signaling axis in Au@LA-mediated macrophage reprogramming, rescue experiments were conducted using pharmacological blockade (COX-2 inhibitor Celecoxib) and exogenous supplementation (PGE2).

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