highly significantp = 0.00000878
Table 5 In Subgroup B (whitening pen gel), E reduced from 17.80 ± 6.23 to 13.963 ± 4.70, showing 21.57% improvement (p = 0.0342), indicating the least whitening effect among the groups.In Subgroup C (herbal formulation), E decreased from 15.349 ± 4.77 to 8.822 ± 3.08, showing the highest improvement (42.52%), which was highly significant (p = 0.00000878).