highly significantp<0.001
Abnormal VPT showed strong and highly significant associations with all five complications, including IHD (OR: 4.24, 95% CI: 2.64–6.83, p<0.001), CeVD (OR: 6.30, 95% CI: 2.97–13.36, p<0.001), DFU (OR: 19.65, 95% CI: 4.62–83.55, p<0.001), DRP (OR: 12.56, 95% CI: 6.96–22.68, p<0.001), and DN (OR: 3.78, 95% CI: 2.53–5.65, p<0.001).