highly significantp < 0.001
The NMDS ordination showed a clear separation between samples from 2013 and 2023, with PERMANOVA confirming a highly significant year effect (Adonis R 2 = 0.136, p < 0.001; Figure 4 a).
The NMDS ordination showed a clear separation between samples from 2013 and 2023, with PERMANOVA confirming a highly significant year effect (Adonis R 2 = 0.136, p < 0.001; Figure 4 a).
Notably, the 2023 chlorophyll- a concentration was significantly higher while the DO concentration was significantly lower than in 2013 (ANOVA, p < 0.05) ( Figure 2 c), indicating an overall trend toward eutrophication and hypoxia.