A Learning-Guided Meta-Heuristic Approach for Task Offloading in Four-Tier IoT Networks: A Hybrid UCB-ACO Algorithm.

Biomimetics (Basel) · 2026 · PMC13406437 · PMID 42505542

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

All algorithms in the graph, except PSO, exhibit a decreasing trend as expected.

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highly significantno p-value reported

Moreover, the p -values obtained from the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, which are far below the critical threshold value ( p ≈ 3.0199 × 10 −11 ), prove that this observed performance increase is not coincidental and is statistically highly significant.

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