Manual and Fully Automated Chemotaxis-Based Cancer Screening Yield Equivalent Performance: A Nine-Month Real-World, Side-by-Side Study of the N-NOSE Workflow.

Both workflows produced large, highly significant, and quantitatively comparable PC-versus-NC separation under genuine operating conditions (manual: Δ_CI = 0.096 and 0.103; Welch’s t = 19.83 and 21.95; p < 0.0001; Cohen’s d = 1.19 and 1.32; CSA risk scale Δ_P– N = 14.47 with biobank-derived urine-based materials and 10.17 with synthetic VOC standards).

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