Non-thermal venous endothelial injury by microsecond irreversible electroporation: mechanisms of apoptosis, oxidative stress, and vascular closure initiation.

Effects of different IRE electric field parameters on the viability, apoptosis and necrosis of vascular endothelial cells At fixed 100 μs pulse width, 40 pulses, and electric field strengths of 200–800 V/cm, HUVEC cell viability showed a highly significant dose-dependent decrease (P < 0.001) ( Figure 1A ), with viability of 64.5% ± 3.2% in the 200 V/cm group, 21.8% ± 2.1% in the 400 V/cm group, 13.6% ± 1.5% in the 600 V/cm group, and 1.8% ± 0.7% in the 800 V/cm group 1.8% ± 0.7%, and the difference between 200 V/cm and the remaining groups was highly significant (P < 0.001).

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