Can executive functions be improved by playing board games across the lifespan? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Appl Psychol Health Well Being · 2026 · PMC13423571 · PMID 42532119

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

0.1730

closest p · 3.5× alpha

0.1730

boldest claim

The sentences

marginally nonsignificantp = 0.173not close (p > 0.1)

In those studies without adaptive elements, the average ES was marginally nonsignificant ( g = −0.65, 95% CI: −1.57 to 0.28, p = 0.173).

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