The effects of physical activity on executive function in preschool children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

For IC, passive control groups showed a moderate beneficial effect (SMD = 0.53, 95% CI [0.33, 0.73]), while active control groups were associated with a significant negative effect (SMD = −0.69, 95% CI [−1.02, −0.36]), resulting in a highly significant subgroup difference ( p < 0.001).

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