Optimizing stimulation parameters: transpalpebral and transbrain electrical stimulation for retinal protection in RCS rats.

Front Cell Dev Biol · 2026 · PMC13423766 · PMID 42539562

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C-Fos mRNA expression showed a pronounced, highly significant upregulation in both TbES groups relative to Sham (0.93 ± 0.85) and Control (1.00 ± 0.12; Figure 5G ).

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