Evaluating the effect of cigarettes smoking on oesophageal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis with dose-response relationships.

Eur J Public Health · 2026 · PMC13424440 · PMID 42533755

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

Notably, North America and European regions have experienced a decline in OSCC incidence but an increasing trend in OAC, which is likely attributable to evolving lifestyle factors, such as the rising prevalence of obesity and persistent GERD [ 10 ].

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