highly significantp < .001
Previous research has shown that all cross-scale correlations between corresponding OHQ and OHI items were highly significant (p < .001), and for most items, the correlations were strong. 30 The OHQ has been demonstrated to possess adequate construct validity and internal reliability, as well as satisfactory structural validity. 31 The WHOQOL-BREF is a shortened version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL-100) designed to measure subjective quality of life across multiple life domains. 32 The measure assesses four key areas: physical health, psychological well-being, social relationships, and environmental health.