Engineered Yolk-Shell Nanocarriers for Biphasic Release and Efficient Codelivery of Chemotherapy Drugs in Lung Cancer Cells.

Introduction Lung cancer remains one of the most significant causes of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths in 2020 and an increasing trend in both developed and developing countries. , In addition to cigarette smoke exposure, prolonged exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) is increasingly recognized as a significant risk factor, as it can penetrate deep into lung tissue and induce oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammation, contributing to cancer and disease progression. ,, Despite advances in early detection and treatment strategies, lung cancer treatment remains ineffective, largely due to limitations inherent in conventional chemotherapy.

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