Effects of exercise training on frailty, cardiorespiratory fitness, and lower limb function in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Meta-analysis showed that lower limb muscle strength and function at the end of follow-up in the intervention group were, on average, 0.55 SMD units higher than those of the control (95% CI 0.32–0.79), demonstrating a highly significant statistical difference ( P < 0.001) with moderate statistical heterogeneity across the included trials ( I 2 = 55.7%, P = 0.005) ( Figure 4 ).

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In contrast, absolute muscle strength ( 22 – 24 , 34 ) (4 trials, 138 participants) showed a positive trend but did not reach statistical significance, yielding an effect size of 0.32 SMD units (95% CI -0.02 to 0.66, P = 0.07; I 2 = 4.6%).

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