Covalently Immobilized Lignin-Xanthene Conjugates for Persistent Surface Photochemistry and Self-Sterilizing Interfaces Under Ambient Visible Light.

Hydroxyl radical generation measured by HPF fluorescence increased significantly at all tested time points (Figure S3a ; GLM, p < 0.0001 at 5 min, p = 0.0012 at 10 min, and p = 0.0002 at 30 min), while hydrogen peroxide generation remained highly significant throughout visible‐light irradiation (Figure S3b ; GLM, p < 0.0001 at 5, 10, and 30 min), indicating the involvement of multiple ROS pathways in the photodynamic process.

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