Ecological correlates of sociality in Pemphigus aphids, with a partial phylogeny of the genus.

Analysis of variance using the statistical model Number of aphids = day + day × height + day × site(tree) + day × height × site(tree) + ε showed that the first order interaction of day with site was highly significant ( F 3,1504 = 27.76, P < 0.001), just as population differences among trees remained detectable after having accounted for time-dependent and site-dependent differences ( F 4,1504 = 13.92, P < 0.001).

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Key correlates of sociality A variety of factors likely to be significant in the evolution of aphid soldiers have been identified.

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