highly significantP < 0.0001
The average response to shifting between gluconate and Cl − -Ringer's was a highly significant reduction of the pH-gradient from 1.08 ± 0.07 ( n = 199) to 0.59 ± 0.09 ( n = 134) pH-U/500 μm ( P < 0.0001, N = 43) The range of pH-gradients in Cl − -Ringer's was 0.06–2.57 pH-U.